Domain & Kingdoms
The 3 domains are:
Domain Archaea, Domain Bacteria, and Domain Eukarya.
Domain Eukarya is a very large group, so it is divided into 4 kingdoms.
the 4 kingdoms are:
Kingdom protista, Kingdom fungi, Kingdom plantae, Kingdom animalia
Domain Archaea, Domain Bacteria, and Domain Eukarya.
Domain Eukarya is a very large group, so it is divided into 4 kingdoms.
the 4 kingdoms are:
Kingdom protista, Kingdom fungi, Kingdom plantae, Kingdom animalia
Algae
Brown algae:
Kingdom Protista, Phylum heterokontophyta. Mostly marine and temperatre. Example: Kelp
Red algae:
Kingdom protista, Phylum rhodophyta. Most common in warmer tropical waters, in temperate zones that can be found in deeper water. Example: Chrondus algae
Green algae:
Kingdom protista, Phylum chlorophyta. This is a very diverse group. Example: Sea lettuce
Kingdom Protista, Phylum heterokontophyta. Mostly marine and temperatre. Example: Kelp
Red algae:
Kingdom protista, Phylum rhodophyta. Most common in warmer tropical waters, in temperate zones that can be found in deeper water. Example: Chrondus algae
Green algae:
Kingdom protista, Phylum chlorophyta. This is a very diverse group. Example: Sea lettuce
Why we believe plants developed from algae
Many scientists believe that ancient green algae evolved into land plants. The chloroplasts present in green algae are the same as those of land plants. In addition, green algae have cell walls of similar composition to land plants; both store food, such as starch, in the same way. Most green algae live in freshwater habitats with highly variable conditions. The ongoing changes in their environment have made them highly adaptable.
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yGW9s7ki3zI
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yGW9s7ki3zI
Bryophytes
Bryophytes (mosses, liverworts, & hornworts) are known as one of the first land plants, evolved from green algae. Since it is non-vascular, it has no water transportation system. The life cycle of a bryophyte is dominated by the haploid gametophyte stage.
Life Cycle of a Moss:
When a moss spore lands in a moist place, it germinates and grows into a mass of tangled green filaments called protonemia. As the protonemia grows, it forms rhizoids that grow into the ground and shoots that grow into the air. These shoots grow into the familiar green moss plants, which are the gametophyte stage of its life cycle. Gametes and formed in reproductive structures at the tips of the gametophytes. Sperm with whiplike tails are produced in the artheridium, and egg cells are produced in the archegonium. Once sperm are released and reach egg cells, fertilization produces a dipliod zygote. This zygote is the beginning of the sporophyte stage of the life cycle. It grows directly out of the body of the gametophyte and depends on it for water and nutrients. The mature sporophyte is a long stalk ending in a capsule. Inside the capsule, haploid spores are produced by meiosis. When the capsule ripens, it opens and haploid spores are scattered to the wind to start the cycle again.
Life Cycle of a Moss:
When a moss spore lands in a moist place, it germinates and grows into a mass of tangled green filaments called protonemia. As the protonemia grows, it forms rhizoids that grow into the ground and shoots that grow into the air. These shoots grow into the familiar green moss plants, which are the gametophyte stage of its life cycle. Gametes and formed in reproductive structures at the tips of the gametophytes. Sperm with whiplike tails are produced in the artheridium, and egg cells are produced in the archegonium. Once sperm are released and reach egg cells, fertilization produces a dipliod zygote. This zygote is the beginning of the sporophyte stage of the life cycle. It grows directly out of the body of the gametophyte and depends on it for water and nutrients. The mature sporophyte is a long stalk ending in a capsule. Inside the capsule, haploid spores are produced by meiosis. When the capsule ripens, it opens and haploid spores are scattered to the wind to start the cycle again.
Life Cycle of a Pteridophyte
Ferns and other pteridophytes have a life cycle where the diploid sporophyte is the dominant stage. When spores germinate, they develop into haploid gametophytes. The small gametophyte first grows a set of rootlike rhizoids. It then flattens into a thin, heart shaped, green structure that is the mature gametophyte. Although it is tiny, the gametophyte grows independently of a sporophyte. The antheridia and archegonia are found on the underside of the gametophyte. As in bryophytes, fertilization requires at least a thin film of water, allowing the sperm to swim to the eggs. The diploid zygote produced by fertilization immediately begins to develop into a new sporophyte grows, the gametophyte withers away.
Pteridophyte
<---- Examples
Compare and contrast bryophytes and pteridophytes
Both bryophytes and petridoytes are from kingdom plantae. They have similar reproductive organisms, such as antheridia and archegonia, sporophytes, gametophytes, rhizoids, sperm and egg. Neither of them have seeds or flowers. Bryophytes don't have a vascular system so they can't grow tall. Pteridophytes have vascular tissue, xylem, and phloem so they can grow bigger and can transport nutrients and materials through the plant.
Life Cycle of a Gymnosperm
Gymnosperms, like all vascular plants have a sporophyte-dominant life-cycle. The gametophyte is very short-lived. Two spore types, microspores and megaspores, are typically produced in pollen cones or ovulate cones. Gametophytes develop within the spore wall. Pollen grains mature from microspores, and ultimately produce sperm cells. Megagametophytes develop from megaspores and are kept in the ovule. They typically produce multiple archegonia. During pollination, pollen grains are physically transferred between plants, from pollen cone to the ovule, being transferred by wind or insects. Whole grains enter each ovule through a microscopic gap in the ovule coat called the micropyle. The pollen grains mature further inside the ovule and produce sperm cells. After the joining of the sperm and egg cell, the zygote develops into an embryo or young sporophyte. More than one embryo is usually initiated in each gymnosperm seed. The mature seed comprises the embryo and the remains of the female gametophyte, which serves as a food supply, and the seed coat.
Gymnosperm examples
Compare Bryophytes, Pteridophytes, and Gymnosperms
Gymnosperms and pteridophytes have vascular tissue (xylem and phloem) and are able to grow strong and tall. where as bryophytes have no vascular system and therefore are unable to grow tall. Gymnosperms have "naked seeds" so they have no protection around them. Pteridophytes and bryophytes don't have seeds, they have other ways of fertilization and they have spores.
Life cycle of a Angiosperm
The flower consists of several leaf-like structures attached to a specialized region of the stem called the receptacle Sepals and petals are the most leaf-like. Petals have the primary function of attracting insects to serve as pollinators, accounting for their often showy and brightly colored appearance. The stamen is the male sexual structure, and the pistil is the female sexual structure. The pistil is composed of one or more united carpels; the pistil, or in some flowers a whorl of pistils, is sometimes referred to as the gynoecium. The stamen consists of a narrow stalk called the filament and a chambered structure called the anther. The anther contains tissue that gives rise to pollen grains. The pistil consists of the stigma (the tip where pollen lands during pollination), the style (an elongated structure), and the ovary. The ovary, the hollow basal portion of the pistil, completely encloses one or more ovules. Each ovule, in turn, contains an embryo sac, the structure that gives rise to the female gamete, the egg.
Functions/Structures of a flower
The flowers main function is to attract a pollinator so that its pollen can spread.
Peduncle-Flower stalk.
Receptacle-Part of flower stalk bearing the floral organs, at base of flower.
Sepal-Leaf-like structures at flower base, protects young flower bud.
Calyx-All the sepals together form the calyx.
Petal-Located in and above the sepals, often large and colorful, sometimes scented, sometimes producing nectar. Often serve to attract pollinators to the plant.
Corolla-All the petals together form the corolla.
Stamen-Male part of the flower, consisting of the anther and filament, makes pollen grains.
Filament-The stalk of the stamen which bears the anther.
Anther -The pollen bearing portion of a stamen.
Pollen-Grains containing the male gametes. Immature male gametophyte with a protective outer covering.
Carpel\Pistil-Female part of the flower. Consisting of the stigma, style and ovary.
Stigma-Often sticky top of carpel, serves as a receptive surface for pollen grains.
Style-The stalk of a carpel, between the stigma and the ovary, through which the pollen tube grows.
Ovary-Enlarged base of the carpel containing the ovule or ovules. The ovary matures to become a fruit.
Ovule-Located in the ovaries. Carries female gametes. Ovules become seeds on fertilization.
Peduncle-Flower stalk.
Receptacle-Part of flower stalk bearing the floral organs, at base of flower.
Sepal-Leaf-like structures at flower base, protects young flower bud.
Calyx-All the sepals together form the calyx.
Petal-Located in and above the sepals, often large and colorful, sometimes scented, sometimes producing nectar. Often serve to attract pollinators to the plant.
Corolla-All the petals together form the corolla.
Stamen-Male part of the flower, consisting of the anther and filament, makes pollen grains.
Filament-The stalk of the stamen which bears the anther.
Anther -The pollen bearing portion of a stamen.
Pollen-Grains containing the male gametes. Immature male gametophyte with a protective outer covering.
Carpel\Pistil-Female part of the flower. Consisting of the stigma, style and ovary.
Stigma-Often sticky top of carpel, serves as a receptive surface for pollen grains.
Style-The stalk of a carpel, between the stigma and the ovary, through which the pollen tube grows.
Ovary-Enlarged base of the carpel containing the ovule or ovules. The ovary matures to become a fruit.
Ovule-Located in the ovaries. Carries female gametes. Ovules become seeds on fertilization.
Parallel evolution in Plants
One of the biggest improvements in land based reproduction is the flower. Some angiosperms still rely on wind pollination for their flowers, but most angiosperms flowers are vector pollinated. This resulted in a parallel evolution between angiosperms and animals. The pollinating animals and flowering plants evolved together since they rely on eachother to survive.
bibliography
http://phys.org/news/2013-05-scientists-definitive-proof-bacteria-feeding-behavior.html
https://www.google.ca/search?q=moss+life+cycle&espv=2&es_sm=93&tbm=isch&tbo=u&source=univ&sa=X&ei=KFBHU_ezIeSkyAGn_4CwCw&ved=0CCwQsAQ&biw=1280&bih=667&dpr=1#facrc=_&imgdii=_&imgrc=KrRWqu9WHhaMXM%253A%3BGBjBMEDhs9MrGM%3Bhttp%253A%252F%252Fwww.eplantscience.com%252Findex%252Fimages%252FPlant%252520life%252520cycle%252Fplant%252520life%252520cycle_large.jpg%3Bhttp%253A%252F%252Fwww.eplantscience.com%252Findex%252Fplant_life_cycles.php%3B750%3B458
https://www.google.ca/search?q=pteridophyte&rls=com.microsoft:en-US:%7Breferrer:source?%7D&rlz=1I7ADFA_enCA384&biw=1280&bih=624&tbm=isch&imgil=z6ueir2yBd7oTM%253A%253Bhttps%253A%252F%252Fencrypted-tbn2.gstatic.com%252Fimages%253Fq%253Dtbn%253AANd9GcQoIL2m_Szf9606CqwJ2piinvqE-UBeym-MxZdKPQl2U2CrZIbT%253B381%253B282%253BVkvYKrJz7nbTZM%253Bhttp%25253A%25252F%25252Fwww.tutorvista.com%25252Fcontent%25252Fbiology%25252Fbiology-iii%25252Fkingdoms-living-world%25252Fpteridophytes.php&source=iu&usg=__wnYVgEBVXjCJhqPAlcyI2QhvV-0%3D&sa=X&ei=cTVLU-OfCoaayQHc8oGYDA&ved=0CDoQ9QEwAw#q=pteridophyte+examples&rls=com.microsoft:en-US:%7Breferrer:source%3F%7D&tbm=isch&facrc=_&imgdii=_&imgrc=B1s5kgNo7BHQsM%253A%3B5m80zxfXt9dzoM%3Bhttp%253A%252F%252Fsharon-taxonomy2009-p2.wikispaces.com%252Ffile%252Fview%252FI10-22a-ferns.jpg%252F99311585%252FI10-22a-ferns.jpg%3Bhttp%253A%252F%252Fsharon-taxonomy2009-p2.wikispaces.com%252FFerns%3B507%3B378http://www.diffen.com/difference/Bryophyte_vs_Pteridophyte
https://www.google.ca/search?q=moss+life+cycle&espv=2&es_sm=93&tbm=isch&tbo=u&source=univ&sa=X&ei=KFBHU_ezIeSkyAGn_4CwCw&ved=0CCwQsAQ&biw=1280&bih=667&dpr=1#facrc=_&imgdii=_&imgrc=KrRWqu9WHhaMXM%253A%3BGBjBMEDhs9MrGM%3Bhttp%253A%252F%252Fwww.eplantscience.com%252Findex%252Fimages%252FPlant%252520life%252520cycle%252Fplant%252520life%252520cycle_large.jpg%3Bhttp%253A%252F%252Fwww.eplantscience.com%252Findex%252Fplant_life_cycles.php%3B750%3B458
https://www.google.ca/search?q=pteridophyte&rls=com.microsoft:en-US:%7Breferrer:source?%7D&rlz=1I7ADFA_enCA384&biw=1280&bih=624&tbm=isch&imgil=z6ueir2yBd7oTM%253A%253Bhttps%253A%252F%252Fencrypted-tbn2.gstatic.com%252Fimages%253Fq%253Dtbn%253AANd9GcQoIL2m_Szf9606CqwJ2piinvqE-UBeym-MxZdKPQl2U2CrZIbT%253B381%253B282%253BVkvYKrJz7nbTZM%253Bhttp%25253A%25252F%25252Fwww.tutorvista.com%25252Fcontent%25252Fbiology%25252Fbiology-iii%25252Fkingdoms-living-world%25252Fpteridophytes.php&source=iu&usg=__wnYVgEBVXjCJhqPAlcyI2QhvV-0%3D&sa=X&ei=cTVLU-OfCoaayQHc8oGYDA&ved=0CDoQ9QEwAw#q=pteridophyte+examples&rls=com.microsoft:en-US:%7Breferrer:source%3F%7D&tbm=isch&facrc=_&imgdii=_&imgrc=B1s5kgNo7BHQsM%253A%3B5m80zxfXt9dzoM%3Bhttp%253A%252F%252Fsharon-taxonomy2009-p2.wikispaces.com%252Ffile%252Fview%252FI10-22a-ferns.jpg%252F99311585%252FI10-22a-ferns.jpg%3Bhttp%253A%252F%252Fsharon-taxonomy2009-p2.wikispaces.com%252FFerns%3B507%3B378http://www.diffen.com/difference/Bryophyte_vs_Pteridophyte
